circulation

noun

1. the spread or transmission of something (as news or money) to a wider group or area

2. the dissemination of copies of periodicals (as newspapers or magazines)

3. free movement or passage (as of cytoplasm within a cell or sap through a plant)

e.g. ocean circulation is an important part of global climate
a fan aids air circulation

4. movement through a circuit
especially the movement of blood through the heart and blood vessels

5. number of copies of a newspaper or magazine that are sold

e.g. by increasing its circulation the newspaper hoped to increase its advertising

6. (library science) the count of books that are loaned by a library over a specified period

1. (报纸、杂志的)发行量，销售量
The circulation of a newspaper or magazine is the number of copies that are sold each time it is produced.

circulation的解释

e.g. The Daily News once had the highest circulation of any daily in the country...
《每日新闻报》的发行量曾位居全国所有日报之首。
e.g. The paper has proved unable to maintain its circulation figures.
事实证明这家报纸难以维持其发行量。

2. 血液循环
Your circulation is the movement of blood through your body.

e.g. Anyone with heart, lung or circulation problems should seek medical advice before flying.
有心肺疾病或血液循环问题的人在乘坐飞机前应寻求医生建议。
e.g. ...cold spots in the fingers caused by poor circulation.
血液循环不畅导致的手指上的冻疮

3. see also: circulate

4. (货币等)流通/不流通/退出流通
If something such as money is in circulation, it is being used by the public. If something is out of circulation or has been withdrawn from circulation, it is no longer available for use by the public.

e.g. The supply of money in circulation was drastically reduced overnight.
流通领域的货币供应量一夜骤减。
e.g. ...a society like America, with perhaps 180 million guns in circulation.
像美国这样一个约有1.8亿支枪流散在外的社会

5. (一段时间)不出现在公共场合，不参加社交活动;坐牢;服刑
If someone is out of circulation, they do not appear in public or at social gatherings for a period of time. You can also say that someone is out of circulation when they are in prison.

circulation的反义词

e.g. Political trials were being used to keep prominent activists out of circulation...
通过对著名活动家进行政治审判使其从公众视线中消失。
e.g. I had been out of circulation for a month and knew that many friends would be there.
我有一个月深居简出，不过我知道许多朋友正等着我。

1. 发行量：2.发行量(Circulation)在印刷媒体的印制量中,每期实际发行到读者手中的数. 媒体比重3.收视率(Rating)收看某电视节目的个人或家庭占总人口或家庭数的比率. 4.总收视点(GRP-Gross Rating Point)所有播出档次收视率的总和.

2. 循环：骨铅: <>(Circulation)的一项研究表明,与骨铅水平低的老年人相比,那些骨铅水平高的老年人──即便这些人的血铅水平不高,血铅是检测铅暴露 的最常用指标──寿命要短得多.

3. 环流：而此环流(circulation)会堆动上翼面的空气,使空气加速,因此上表面的流速即较下表面来的快,根据白努利定律,即可知上表面的流速较快,静压较小,上下表面的压力差,即产生一使机翼向上的合力,也就是「升力」.